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Joel Caldwell is the son of Early Caldwell and Minnie Williams (1884-?). His siblings were Veatrice Caldwell, Theola Caldwell, Mattie B. Caldwell, Early , Jr. Caldwell.
Joel Caldwell's wife is not known. They had five known children named Thomas Wanku Caldwell, Eunice Caldwell, Juanita Caldwell, John Caldwell, and Joel , Jr. Caldwell.